Thus although these animal models can reveal many insights into the mechanism of R428 corneal graft rejection and the effect of different treatments, the extrapolated results must be handled with care in their translation to clinical practice. Based on our results, local or systemic treatment with AD-MSCs to prevent corneal rejection in rabbit corneal models of normal or high risk of rejection does not increase survival but rather can increase inflammation and neovascularization, and undermine the innate ocular immune privilege. Parameters including the risk of rejection, the inflammatory/vascularization environment, the source of the cells, the time of injection, the immunosuppression, the number of cells, and the mode of delivery must be determined before translating the possible benefits of the use of MSCs in corneal transplant to clinical practice. Herbal medicine Ibrutinib consists of natural plant substances that have been used to prevent and treat ailments since ancient times. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, commonly known as lotus, is a large aquatic plant and has long been used as a medicinal herb in China, Japan, India, and Korea. In Ayurveda, this plant is used as a diuretic and anthelmintic, as well as in the treatment of strangury, vomiting, leprosy, skin diseases, and nervous exhaustion. All parts of N. nucifera, including the leaves, flowers, embryos, and rhizomes, are prescribed as demulcents for hemorrhoids and are beneficial for the treatment of various human diseases. N. nucifera leaves have recently gained popularity in Taiwan as an ingredient in health-related beverages for weight loss. Several studies have shown that N. nucifera possesses pharmacologic and physiologic activities, including antioxidant, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. Recently, flavonoid-enriched N. nucifera leaf extracts were reported to inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer in vitro and in vivo, improve lipid metabolism, and relieve liver damage resulting from a high fat diet. Moreover, the anti-obesity potential of N. nucifera leaves has been demonstrated via increased lipolysis in adipose tissue in mice. Another report also indicated that N. nucifera leaves possess inhibitory activity towards atopic dermatitis. A process of angiogenesis completes following several major steps, including proliferation, sprouting, elongation, and migration of endothelial cells. However, abnormal and unregulated process of pathological angiogenesis may result in various pathogenesis diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, myocardial infraction, and chronic inflammation. Hence, to control or inhibit the angiogenesis could be considered an important strategy in anti-cancer therapy. The angiogenesis growth factors and their receptors play a key role in its regulation via tyrosine kinases. Among the various angiogenic molecules, vascular endothelial growth factor is a major target for anti-angiogenic therapy. Increased VEGF signaling in tumor and chronic inflammatory tissues induces endothelial cells to exit quiescence and undergo various angiogenic responses. The VEGF plays an important role in binding and inducing the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, which results in the auto-phosphorylation of tyrosine residues onVEGFR-2 receptor in endothelial cells.