It is also worth noting that putative MAP3K1 gain-of-function during XY female development might be interpreted as implying a positive role for MAP3K1 in ovary development itself. However, on C57BL/6J, XX Map3k1DKD/DKD homozygous adult females were fertile and homozygous XX embryos exhibited no overt abnormalities of ovary development. Thus, there appears to be no requirement for MAP3K1 in ovary determination in mice. Finally, the possibility of unconventional roles for MAP3K1 in sex determination MI 192 cannot be excluded. MAP3K1 differs from MAP3K2, MAP3K3 and MAP3K4 in exhibiting lower levels of conservation in its kinase domain and in being a strong stimulator of apoptosis. MAP3K1 is a 196-kDa protein that encodes a protease cleavage sequence for caspase-3-like proteases and UV irradiation and DNA-damaging chemicals activate MAP3K1 kinase function and induce its proteolytic cleavage. These data suggest that MAP3K1 is an integral component of the apoptotic response. We cannot MRS 1334 exclude disruption to this or other unconventional functions of MAP3K1 as causes of human sex reversal. Further careful experimentation will be required to appropriately address these complex issues. Reducing the atmospheric CO2 level has received a great deal of attention recently as an approach to combat global warming and fossil-fuel shortages, but this process remains challenging. Biological CO2 fixation is one of the most important approaches to solving these problems. Enzymatic CO2 reduction has been examined extensively as a promising approach to greenhouse gas fixation and the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. The enzymatic reduction of CO2 using FDHs has been widely studied for the production of valuable chemicals, such as formic acid and methanol. Formic acid is considered to be a promising replacement for methanol in miniature fuel cells. Formic acid has been produced by the hydrolysis of methyl formate, which is synthesized via methanol carbonylation in commercial processes. Therefore, it would be environmentally attractive to prepare formic acid from CO2 gas by enzymatic biotransformation. Many efforts have been made to develop CO2-reducing chemical catalysts, and recent research on chemical catalysts has led to improved rates for CO2 reduction. However, chemical catalysts require harsh reaction conditions and/or expensive metals, such as ruthenium, rhodium, and iridium.