More Rab family members are a necessary component of all transport steps

Their results also showed that CDA down regulates the expression of genes involved in P. aeruginosa attachment to the surfaces, which results in reversion of biofilms to a population of planktonic cells with increased susceptibility to antimicrobial agents compared to their sessile counterparts. Therefore, in this investigation we first examined the action of nano-molar Clobazam concentrations of CDA on dispersion of pre-established biofilms, formed by four main food-borne pathogenic or spoilage microorganisms. Our results interestingly showed that only 310 nM of the signal was enough to reverse pre-established biofilms, formed by distant genera of bacteria, to their planktonic mode of growths. Since disinfectants and antibiotics have greater bactericidal efficacy against planktonic bacteria than their sessile counterparts, the combination of CDA with common antimicrobial agents could have improved bactericidal efficacy. Thus, we then tried to remove and kill pre-established biofilms by using the combination of CDA and traditional disinfectants or antibiotics which are broadly used in food processing environments and their related medical issues, at concentrations that had no significant effects against biofilms, to reach a novel mechanism for enhancing the activity of these treatments through the disruption of biofilms. The results presented here demonstrated that following exposure to low concentrations of CDA, biofilm cells on the surface were easily detached and then killed by antimicrobial agents where the combination of 310 nM CDA with examined disinfectants or antibiotics, when added to their solutions, resulted in approximate 80% reduction in biofilm biomass in all cultures. Numerous strategies to control microbial biofilms have been proposed, with different degrees of success. In various industrial settings, a range of biocides and toxic metals has been used for antifouling coatings and sanitizing purposes ; however, these substances are not appropriate for use in food industries and clinical settings. In this work, we showed that CDA-based strategies to induce biofilm dispersal involve only nano-molar concentrations of CDA that should be safe to humans and to the environment. Besides, previous findings showed that CDA has no cytotoxic or stimulatory cDPCP effect on human cells even at high concentrations. Because CDA mediates the transition from a biofilm to a planktonic phenotype via a signalling mechanism rather than toxic effect, CDA-based biofilm control strategies would not be expected to select for resistant strains as seen with antibiotics.

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