However, although life-threatening, treatment of Salmonella-induced systemic inflammation has received very little interests in scientific investigations. The disease is frequently caused by consumption of undercooked contaminated poultry meat and meat products, which accidentally occur upon exposure to intestine-residing Salmonella during chicken processing. Over decades, low doses of sub-therapeutic antibiotics such as virginiamycin have been administered daily in diets of food-producing animals, including poultry, to control intestinal pathogens. Unlike therapeutic antibiotics, sub-therapeutic antibiotics are macromolecules that exert localized bactericidal effects in the intestines only. However, according to the World Health Organization, such practice has debatably been associated with emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella. Today, not only has Salmonella become more difficult to control in poultry production, but antibiotic treatment of Salmonella-induced gastrointestinal and systemic infections has become less successful among hospitalized patients, causing higher death rates,. Therefore, the development of natural immuno-modulators that can prevent or treat Salmonella infections in both poultry and humans is highly desirable. Evidence exist that Wortmannin PI3K inhibitor mannose-rich oligosaccharides, purified from cells walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, competitively binds mannose-specific lectin, namely FimH, of Gram-negative bacteria expressing the Type 1 fimbriae, including Salmonella, thereby reducing their adherence to mannose-containing glycoprotein receptors on intestinal epithelial cells in humans and chickens,. Innate immunity represents the first line of immune defense against invading pathogens in both mammals and avian species. Extracellular Toll-like receptor 4 of innate immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, recognizes the LPSendotoxin in outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. The engagement of LPS to TLR-4 triggers a cascade of transduction signaling resulting in inflammatory responses characterized by secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 and IL-6 that orchestrate pathogen clearance. But, innate immune responses must be regulated exceptionally tightly because high IL-1 and IL-6 levels cause fever, anorexia and bodyweight losses, catabolism of skeletal muscles and adipose tissues, and immunological diseases in chickens, rats and humans. Therefore, it is clear that an ideal immune response would be one that can clear pathogens or antigens and be terminated soon after infection. However, despite Gefitinib abmole bioscience significant advances in our understanding about inflammatory responses, molecular events of innate immunity and metabolic activities during the period of late inflammation are still not clear.