The latter includes investigating the potential impact of phthalates on PPAR signaling pathways in cardiac myocytes. As a consequence of the global eradication program launched by charity foundations, World Health Organization officially registered in 2010 a 2,3-DCPE hydrochloride decline in estimated malaria cases and deaths, with 655,000 deaths counted among more than 200 million clinical cases worldwide, of which 91% were due to Plasmodium falciparum. Nevertheless, malaria remains an alarming emergency in developing countries, with the vast majority of cases occurring in the African Region and South-East Asia. Thus it is imperative to investigate new anti-malarial drugs for primary and adjuvant therapy and identify new affordable markers for early diagnosis of malaria. Human matrix metalloproteinases are a family of proteolytic enzymes involved in wide variety of biological functions including modulation of inflammatory response, disruption of inter-endothelial tight junctions, and degradation of sub-endothelial basal lamina. As such, they are good candidate molecules and indeed there is growing evidence that MMPs play critical roles in malaria in both animal and human disease models. Notably, malarial pigment, a waste product of haemoglobin digestion by Plasmodium parasites, induces MMP-9 release from human monocytes and endothelial cells, and synthetic HZ interacts with proMMP-9 priming its activation by MMP-3. Endogenous inhibitors of MMPs represent one mode of MMP regulation ; however, their involvement in malaria has been scarcely investigated, and their role remains debated. A few lines of evidence from animal and human models support the involvement of TIMPs in malaria. CM-sensitive mice infected with P. berghei ANKA display increased mRNA expression of TIMP-1 in the brain, and both TIMP-1 and -3 mRNA is increased in the liver and spleen, whilst mRNA levels of TIMP-2 and -4 remain unchanged. Increased serum levels of TIMP-1 are also found in Rhesus macaques experimentally infected with P. coatneyi, a simian malaria parasite that closely mimics the biological characteristics of P. falciparum and replicates the multisystemic 8-Aminoadenine dysfunction of human severe malaria. Human patients with severe or uncomplicated malaria have higher serum TIMP-1 levels compared to healthy controls suggesting TIMP-1 may be a valuable marker of disease severity. However, the cellular source of TIMP-1 and the mechanisms underlying TIMP-1 enhancement are as of yet unidentified. Additionally, it is imperative to assess whether increased CM-associated TIMP-1 levels are sufficient to counterbalance nHZ-enhanced MMP-9.