There is also mounting evidence that AIDS-related stigma and discrimination are associated with other social outcomes such as racism, poverty, and heterosexism. Mental disorders are also among the most common problems in the life of PLHIV regardless of gender or race/ethnicity and can impact their health status, healthcare seeking behaviors, and quality of life. Depression, alcohol use disorders, and neurocognitive disorders are the most prevalent mental problems in this vulnerable population. Studies in different countries have reported point prevalence rates of major depressive disorder among PLHIV from 3% to 54%. Using the Composite International Diagnostic Inventory, a national survey in South Africa found that 44% of PLHIV had a diagnosable mental disorder. Of these, major depression accounted for 11%, mild depression for 30%, and alcohol abuse for 12%. Furthermore, compared to HIV-negative individuals, PLHIV are two to three times more likely to develop mental disorders. Mental disorders are also associated with several health and healthcare seeking behaviors such as poor adherence to medications, low rates of retention in ART care, and poor ART-related clinical outcomes. PLHIV suffering from depression progress faster from HIV to AIDS compared to non-depressed PLHIV. Several biological and socioeconomic factors have been found to be associated with mental disorders in PLHIV such as depression and anxiety. These factors include compromised immune system and increased opportunistic infections, absence of ART, perceived social support, and death of significant other due to AIDS. Similar to general population, several socio-demographic variables such as older age, female gender, low education, and unemployment have also been found to be related to mental disorders among PLHIV. The double burden of AIDS-related stigma and mental disorders could Indiplon result in a number of problems in health and quality of life for PLHIV. Previous studies have also IB-MECA linked AIDS-related stigma and discrimination to mental wellbeing of PLHIV. Steward and colleagues found that all forms of stigma and discrimination are ultimately associated with depressive symptoms among PLHIV in India. Several more recent studies have confirmed these findings and included other mental health outcomes such as anxiety, stress, or posttraumatic stress disorders in different populations of PLHIV in different countries around the world including mainland China, India, South Africa, the United States, and several other countries.