Based on orthologous T3S systems, we believe that this Cterminal domain of CopD is involved in homo-oligomerization, membrane interaction, or other effector functions consistent with orthologs as suggested by other T3S systems. We have shown that antibodies to CopD inhibit the ability of C. pneumoniae to infect cells, which is consistent with observations seen with antibodies to orthologous translocator proteins in other bacteria including Shigella and Yersinia. Since CopD antibodies are unlikely to enter EBs, neutralization with CopD antibodies suggests that that CopD is either surface exposed or secreted during the infection cycle. This observation is consistent with Chlamydia being an obligate intracellular pathogen that is dependent on T3S to infect cells. The production of CopD late during the replication cycle when RB differentiate into infectious EB is also consistent with a role for CopD in T3S and infection. Given the essential nature of the translocator proteins in T3S, these proteins may represent an excellent BMS-199264 hydrochloride target for drug development and a vaccine candidate. Human milk contains large amounts of soluble milk oligosaccharides, 5�C23 g/L, representing the third largest solid component following lactose and lipids. Milk oligosaccharides are present at significantly higher concentrations and in greater diversity in human milk than in bovine milk. These glycans have typically been called human milk oligosaccharides, even though many of them are also present in the milk of other animals. HMOs are composed of five monosaccharides: D�Cglucose, D�C galactose, N�Cacetylglucosamine, L�Cfucose, and N�Cacetylneuraminic acid, with a lactose core at the reducing end. There have been over 200 HMOs identified in human milk thus far, with levels and patterns varying between JS-K individuals and over the course of lactation. About 20 structures, including 29-fucosyllactose, comprise the major portion of HMOs, with the remaining glycans representing only a small fraction. Fucosylation of HMOs is genetically determined and reflective of Secretor and Lewis histo-blood group antigen status.