Importantly, and consistent with a primary role of bacterial flora in ILF development in the small intestine, ILF are not present in ileums of mice deficient in intracellular pattern recognition receptor NOD1. Notably, ILF appear altered GPBAR-A either in total numbers of immature and mature ILF, or as proportional changes between the two in mice deficient in other pattern recognition receptors or signaling molecules including TLR2/4, NOD2, MyD88 and Trif, and these proportions vary between ileum and colon. For example, although ILF are not present in ileums of NOD12/2 mice, mature ILF are hypertrophic in the colons, illustrating the involvement of multiple signaling molecules with prominent roles in the innate immune response that contribute to ILF maturation. We reported that GRA administered orally induces ILF maturation in the ileum and in addition, shortens the duration of rotavirus antigen shedding in the mouse model. The experiments described in the current study investigated whether GRA influences ILF maturation in the colon, and sought to understand mechanisms by which GRA induces B cell recruitment to ILF. The contributions of dietary ligands to modulation of dynamic lymphoid tissue in the gut are just beginning to be explored. Mice fed diets free of defined phytochemicals have reduced numbers of both cryptopatches and ILF, implicating a key role for nutrients in maintaining intestinal inflammatory homeostasis. We have explored the mechanisms by which dietary ligand GRA induces B cell recruitment to ILF. Our initial studies on GRA focused on the small intestine, yet it is clear that many of the molecular signals required for ILF development in the ileum are dispensable in the colon. Given the tissue-specific signaling 2-PMAP requirements, we extended our studies to include analysis of GRAmediated B cell recruitment to ILF in the colon. We tested the ability of GRA to induce ILF in mice depleted of enteric bacteria, and in mice with genetic deficiencies in components of the innate immune response to define potential mechanisms of action.