Another potential limitation is that data for medication other than urate-lowering medications and the compliance and adherence to treatment were too complex to incorporate in the covariate analyses. In conclusion, allopurinol therapy as a urate-lowering treatment has previously been found to reduce cardiovascular risk, particularly in patients with coronary artery disease,Etanercept heart failure, or CKD having concomitant hyperuricemia. Our large-scale study using population-based matched-cohort design in patients with gout and ‘‘normal risk’’ for cardiovascular events did not observe any beneficial effect of allopurinol, whereas the association with a modest increase in cardiovascular risk was detected. Several important risk factors for cardiovascular disease,Lambrolizumab such as smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, blood pressure were not obtainable in the current study, thus could potentially bias the effect estimate. A hypothesis-generating finding was suggested from a subgroup analysis of low- versus high-dose allopurinol therapy, showing a possible beneficial effect from high-dose therapy. Further prospective large-scale cohort studies or randomized controlled trials are needed. Death in the initial months after initiating combination antiretroviral therapy, often termed ‘‘early mortality,’’ accounts for the majority of all first-year deaths in adult HIV treatment programs in resource-limited settings. However, published data indicate that ART adherence is high in the very settings most affected by high rates of early mortality. This suggests that classic mechanisms of HIV treatment failure, whereby suboptimal ART adherence leads to AIDS progression and death, may not predominate as a cause of early events. More broadly, adherence as well as virologic and immunologic responses to ART among patients who suffer early mortality after ART initiation remains largely uncharacterized, in part because many events occur before these measures can be obtained. Nonetheless, understanding response to ART in these individuals is important for the design of interventions aimed at reducing early mortality.