Similarly, the reduced dose and duration of nifurtimox may reduce the frequency and severity of its toxic effects. Potential toxic effects deriving from drug interaction, however, even with reduced doses, need to be assessed in larger studies. The use of the NtE combination assessed in our study may reduce cost compared to the current e flornithine regimen, since it halves costs related to the IV infusions, shortens hospitalization time, and replaces half of the e flornithine a costly drug with ten days of the less-expensive nifurtimox. The feasibility of any HAT treatment regimen is of great importance, since most treatment centers are located near the foci of disease transmission, in remote areas where logistical means and trained staff are scarce. This NtE regimen, with 28 e flornithine infusions over 7 d instead of 56 infusions over 14 d, is a good step forward in this sense. Following this trial, we organized a case-series study and another clinical trial to continue evaluating the NtE combination. We believe that this track merits further exploration since it has the potential to signi?cantly improve the fate of infected patients treated in stage 2, who remain the majority of the sleeping sickness burden. Based on clues from epidemiology, we have proposed that low prenatal Presapogenin-CP4 vitamin D may be a risk factor for later development of schizophrenia. Many studies have shown that those born in winter and spring have a significantly increased risk of developing schizophrenia, and that those born at higher latitudes are also at increased risk of schizophrenia. Given that vitamin D levels in the population fluctuate across the seasons and decrease across higher latitude, low prenatal vitamin D ��fits�� these key environmental Taltirelin features and is therefore a plausible candidate risk factor for this disease. In order to explore the biological plausibility of this candidate, we have a rat model that we call the Developmental Vitamin D model. Rats exposed to low prenatal vitamin D have a broad range of neurobiological outcomes that are informative for schizophrenia research.