It is of the utmost importance to gather information on HPV variants and analyze different genomic regions

Our finding that ACA decreased INF-c expression in OVAinduced asthma suggests that ACA suppresses Th1-related cytokines as well as Th2 cytokines. Although steroids cause a variety of adverse effects, they can inhibit proinflammatory responses and induce anti-inflammatory gene expression. Asthma therapies that target multiple pathways are more likely to be effective than therapies that modulate a single target, because asthmatic reactions are mediated by numerous immune and inflammatory pathways. Because ACA inhibits various proinflammatory cytokines, it shows promise as an antiasthmatic drug candidate. Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Every year, more than 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer and roughly 250,000 deaths are recorded. Nearly all cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus infection. HPV is a double-stranded circular DNA virus with a genome size of about 8000 bp that encodes early proteins and late proteins. As described by de Villiers et al., the sequence of the highly conserved L1 ORF is used to classify HPV isolates. Isolates with a L1 sequence more than 10% different than the nearest HPV type are a distinct “type”, while isolates with differences of less than 2% are termed “variants”. There are 120 different HPV types identified to date, of which 15 have been termed “high-risk” types due to their significant association with cervical cancers. There are 25 HPV types with strong, sufficient, or limited evidence of causing cervical cancer. The types were classified and assessed by the IARC Monograph Working Group. Among them, the HPV-16 was the most oncogenic HPV type, known to cause cancer at 7 sites. HPV18,31,33,35,45,52,58 were frequently found in cancer, while HPV-39,51,56,59 appeared less frequently. Taking everything into account, HPV-16 and HPV-18 represent the most commonly identified high-risk HPV genotypes, which cause 40-60% and 10-20%, respectively, of all cervical cancers. In addition to the diversity among types of HPV, there are many natural intratypic variants, some of which contain alterations that lead to changes in the amino acid residues of functional and/or antigenic domains. Some of these changes have been shown to influence the persistence of the infection, morbidity of carcinogenesis, and the progression of precursor lesions to cancer. At present, analyses of sequence variations of HPV-16, which occur in early genes, late genes, and the upstream regulatory region, have been relatively comprehensive. In contrast, data on HPV-18 variants is limited, and sequence variations of HPV-18 in the Asian population have been evaluated even less than those in European and American populations. The present study examined a collection of 56 different isolates of HPV-18 from cervical cancer patients in the southwest China and analyzed the sequence variations in the E1, E2, E4, E5, E6, E7, L1 and L2 viral genes. The data presented here is useful for future research on viral persistence, transmission and oncogenic potential, and may provide critical information for developing diagnostic probes and as well as designing vaccines for a specific population. A study by Angulo et al. highlighted the fact that coinfection with more than one HPV type is not a rare occurrence, and this situation can lead to HPV recombination and the generation of new HPV types.

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