Kliman et al revealed that there is a deposition of PP13 in special zones of necrosis outside the alveioli indicating the large effect of Pp13 is anticipated in the smaller vein. This is now analyzed in our next study where we assess the impact of PP13 on 4 level of the veins and Fingolimod infact found the larger impact on the thinner arterioli. The truncated mutation seems to be associated with a 10-fold increased risk to develop preeclampsia compared to control in colored and black populations in South Africa. The homozygous variant was never found indicating this variant may not be vital. Accordingly, having a full length PP13, at least in the heterozygous form, seems enough for a successful pregnancy. The mutation has not been resolved so far in either human plasma, white blood cells or in the placenta among the Caucasian population. A challenging study now uses next generation sequencing and advanced PCR to resolve this mutation at the RNA level during pregnancy among Caucasians using a very large cohort that also includes many African-Caribbean patients in Europe. PP13 is specifically expressed in the placenta and can be detected by immunolabeling mainly in the apical membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast. Other studies from our group have reported reduced PP13 mRNA in the placenta in preeclampsia, particularly in early and preterm cases. Three different studies have shown reduced PP13 mRNA in chorionic villous sampling in the first trimester and in first trimester blood of patients who subsequently developed preeclampsia. Accordingly, reduced expression of PP13 is considered as one of the earliest indications for the risk to develop preeclampsia. The use of this approach in testing maternal blood mRNA has yielded a detection rate of 30–50% for a 10% false positive rate, which may be improved with the advance offered by new mRNA isolation and deep sequencing methods also including the identification of mutants such as the DelT221 variant. There are 18 studies today that in a meta-analysis indicated that lower first trimester serum PP13 is associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia. The current study emphasizes the pathway of primary sequence DNA mutationRlower PP13 mRNARlower protein and its relevance to the development of high risk for preeclampsia. However, the reverse path of low PP13 proteinRlow PP13 mRNARDNA mutation failed at the final step. The ways PP13 is involved in preeclampsia varies and one mutation in one part of the PP13 molecule.