These findings explain the striking ability of vaccines based on papillomavirus VLPs to induce potent T- and B-cell responses. Pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system have recently been shown to recognize conserved structural features of microbial Ags. Given that DCs express many types of PRRs, including the mannose receptor DEC205 and multiple TLRs, PRRs may be important components of the innate immune system involved in the initiation of Ag-specific immune responses. However, pattern recognition of the structural elements of virions by DCs is poorly understood. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry enabled us to use binding and uptake experiments to characterize receptor-ligand interactions early after immature DCs encountered EV71 VLPs. We found that EV71 VLPs could bind to and be taken up by human DCs. Neutralization experiments with Abs that block TLR2 and TLR4 further indicated that TLR4 plays a critical role in the signal transduction cascade induced by EV71 VLPs. A visual representation of the 11 broad research themes and their location within the general structure of science is presented in Figure 11. Each dot in this figure represents one of the 22,412 research topics identified in step 1 of our methodology. Using the VOS mapping technique, the dots have been positioned algorithmically in such a way that research topics that are strongly connected to each other by citation relations tend to be located close to each other in the figure. Labels have been manually added to the figure to roughly indicate the locations of a number of broad scientific disciplines. The colored dots in Figure 11 represent the 959 research topics at the EPS-HLS interface identified in step 2 of our methodology. The color of a dot indicates to which of the 11 broad research themes a topic has been assigned in step 3 of our methodology. The visualization presented in Figure 11 shows a kind of circular structure. This typical structure of science has also been found in various earlier studies. Moving in clockwise direction and starting in the left part of the visualization, we first observe the medical and health sciences and the life sciences, followed by chemistry, physics, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, and computer science.. Computer science, in turn, is close to the social sciences, the social sciences are close to psychology, and finally the circle is Sorafenib completed by the close relationship between psychology and the medical and health sciences. As expected, the colored dots in Figure 11, representing the 11 broad research themes at the EPS-HLS interface, are mainly located in between the EPS and HLS research fields, but there are also dots that are located close to psychology and the social sciences. Furthermore, some of the research themes seem to be quite concentrated in a relatively small part of science, while other themes seem to have a much more interdisciplinary nature.