Which corals experience in the field and which is a major cause of photodamage. Translating our findings to corals in the field, the increase of oxygen uptake rates on going from dark to light might therefore not be as great as found in this study; however, once photorepair processes are entrained the actual oxygen uptake rates might be just as high or even higher. Light dependent increase in O2 consumption through respiratory processes has been discussed previously. Tchernov et al. concluded that ongoing activity of the MAP cycle could be accounted for by the increased O2 uptake with increasing photon irradiance. Indeed, various light-driven O2 BAY-60-7550 439083-90-6 consuming processes, such as photorespiration and the MAP cycle could also be involved in the high level of light respiration observed here. However, the activity of the MAP cycle does not result in net O2 concentration changes ; it therefore cannot be measured in O2 exchange measurements with microsensors. Hence, we conclude that the only other process to explain the light respiration results apart from light-stimulated mitochondrial O2 uptake is photorespiration, involving oxygenase activity of RuBisCO. However, further investigations are needed to verify and describe these processes. TNFSF13B is a member of the TNF superfamily which plays a central role in the survival and homeostasis of transitional and naive B cells, plasmablasts and plasma cells. BAFF is produced as a membrane-bound form or secreted by cells of hematopoietic origin, essentially monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages and stimulated neutrophils. However non-immune cells, such as astrocytes, can also constitutively produce BAFF. The finding that BAFF transgenic mice develop autoimmune manifestations exhibiting similarities with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjo¨gren’s syndrom suggested a critical role for this cytokine in autoimmune diseases. Consistent with this observation, auto-reactive B cells have a greater dependency for BAFF compared to naive mature B cells and elevated levels of BAFF were detected in the serum of patients with SLE, rheumatoid arthritis and SS. In addition, these increased BAFF levels correlated with high auto-antibody titers and disease activity. In patients with systemic sclerosis, increased levels of BAFF were associated with worsening of the skin sclerosis. Similar results were obtained in experimental arthritis where overproduction of BAFF by dendritic cells and macrophages was demonstrated to play a crucial role in the disease. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes isolated from RA patients are characterized by their aggressive phenotype in response to various stimuli. In these inflammatory conditions, these cells also produce large amounts of cytokines including BAFF, thus enabling them to collaborate with autoimmune B cells. Altogether, these data illustrate the central role played by BAFF in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.