These results open a new range of potential GDC-0879 905281-76-7 substrates for CCEs belonging to the class 3, in addition to insecticides and dietary plant chemicals. SlCXE10 was strongly and predominantly expressed in the adult antennae compared to all other tissues tested. This expression pattern suggested that SlCXE10 could be implicated in a specific olfactory function. Indeed, such restricted expression is a useful criterion that has already been helpful in identifying specific olfactory genes such as olfactory receptors and Odorant-Binding Proteins in various species. During development, SlCXE10 expression level increased from the end of the pupal stage and reached a maximum in 3-day-old adults. Apol-PDE, a CCE clearly involved in sex pheromone degradation in the moth Antheraea polyphemus presented a similar profile. These expression patterns were concomitant with the electrophysiological responsiveness to odorant components and with the expression of other olfactory genes such as OBPs or ODEs, suggesting a common regulatory pathway for the genes involved in odorant detection in mature adult moths. The life of S. littoralis males is short: they are able to mate rapidly after emergence; they survive as adults for 5 to 6 days in our rearing conditions. Maximum levels of SlCXE10 expression in males were thus consistent with their short adult lifespan. Interestingly, SlCXE10 transcripts were also clearly detected in antennae from last instar larvae but not from the larval midgut. This is the first observation of expression of a presumptive ODE in insect larval antennae. The majority of CCEs identified during this stage were indeed generally associated with the digestive tract, suggesting a role in detoxification of noxious substances in larval diet. In many insect larvae, olfactory stimuli play a role for food location and studies in Drosophila melanogaster showed that the organization and functioning of the olfactory system from larvae is simpler than but similar to the adult system, from the odorant reception to the odorant-driven behavior. Antennal larval CCEs could thus play a role in odorant degradation, as assumed in adults. Cell signal transduction is a summation of positive stimuli and homeostatic negative feedback. Positive regulation of protein kinase cascades, such as those activated during mitogenic signaling, differentiation, and pathogenic processes such as inflammation and cancer, is particularly well studied. Most commonly, activation of a kinase cascade results from sequential phosphorylation of protein kinases by other kinases positioned upstream. In contrast, other than the action of phosphatases that remove the activating phosphorylation, inhibitory or negative feedback mechanisms for damping or silencing protein kinase cascades are less well understood.